MICROBIOLOGY PYQS (FMGE , PG)

FMGE June 2022 Micro

Q1. Which among the following methods is used to sterilize a glass petri dish?

 1.Autoclaving at 121 degree celsius for 30-60 minutes

 2.Hot air oven at 160 degree Celsius for 120 minutes or less            (- ans)

 3.Autoclaving at 134 degree Celsius for 3 minutes

 4.Hot air oven at 121 degrees Celsius for 30-60 minutes

Q2. Which of the following is specifically found in gram-negative bacteria?

1.Capsule

 2.Peptidoglycan 

3.Lipopolysaccharide                      - ANS    

 4.Flagella

 

FMGE 2019 Micro

Q3. Sporulation occurs in which phase of bacterial growth curve:

1.Stationary phase         -ANS

 2.Lag phase 

3.Log phase

 4.Decline phase

FMGE 2018 Micro

Q4. Biological indicator for determining efficacy of autoclaving is?

1.Pseudomonas aeruginosa

 2.Clostridium perfringenes  

3.Bacillus stearothermophilus          -ANS

4.Salmonella typhi

Q5. Stain used in staining fungal elements

1.Acid fast stain 

2.Gram stain 

3.Methenamine silver         - ANS

4.All of the above

Q6. A farmer presents with a warty cutaneous growth on his foot. Histopathological image of the growth is given below. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? 

1.Sporotrichosis 

2.Mycetoma 

3.Chromoblastomycosis              -Ans.  FMGE June 2022 Micro 

 4.Phaeohyphomycosis 

Q7. A farmer presents with a swollen foot and multiple sinuses as shown in the below image. What is the most likely diagnosis? 

1.Mycetoma             -   Ans. 

 2.Squamous cell carcinoma

 3.chromoblastomycosis

 4.Sporotrichosis 

FMGE DEC 2021 Micro

Q8.  A 24 year old woman presents with pruritic hypopigmented macules and confluent patches over the chest. Skin scraping and KOH preparation show an abundance of yeast-like cells and short branches filaments like a ‘Spaghetti and meatball appearance’ as shown in the image below. What is the most likely organism? 

1.Malassezia                  -ANS

 2.Trichophyton

 3.Chlamyospores

4.Candida

FMGE Aug 2020 Micro

Q9.  An AIDS-positive patient came with a history of fever, vomiting, and meningismus . Which of the following tests help in the rapid diagnosis of cryptococcal meningitis? 

1.India ink preparation of CSF

 2.Blood culture 

3.CSF 

4.Blood lateral flow assay for cryptococcal antigen                -Ans. 

FMGE Jan 2023

Q1O. Which of the following dimorphic fungi causes subcutaneous mycosis? 

1.Sporothrix schenckii             -ANS 

 2.Histoplasma capsulatum

 3.Blastomyces dermatitidis

4.Penicilliosis marneffei

NEXT EXAM PATTERN

NEXT EXAM PATTERN-

National Exit Test 

NExT: National Exit Test

National Exit Test is the Licensing Medical Examination introduced by the National Medical Commission Bill 2019. According to the reports the law was in sighted to replace the Screening Test, NEET-PG, and Prof exam of the University. In January 2020, the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare also introduced the draft National Dental Commission Bill that also called for a National Exit Test after BDS for dentists in India.

It is a single-window examination that is to be implemented by 2022. It is a mandatory examination for Indian students as well as Foreign students. It will also set a standard for the medical practitioners in India.

Parts of NExT Exam

NExT 1:

NExT 1 is conducted for the final year medical students before the internship period. They have to qualify for the part 1 exam in order to commence their internship. If you fail to pass NExT 1 you are not eligible to participate in the internship program.

NExT 1 is an online-based MCQs examination.

It is an objective type of exam.

Previously students were required to appear for NEET – PG but now onwards have to sit for one common exam i.e., NExT.

NExT 1 is valid for 2-3 years.

NExT 1 is also known as Prof IV part 1.

The marks acquired in NExT 1 are taken into account for PG ranking in Counseling. You get a PG seat with marks of Next 1 and you get your license both after passing NExT 2.

The distribution of NExT 1 Question Paper

Problem Solving questions – 60%

Comprehension and analysis – 30%

Recall – 10%

Applied Basics Sciences – 10%

Preventive and Public Health – 10%

NExT 2:

NExT 2 is appeared by those students who have qualified NExT 1. It is a pass or fails exam that includes a Practical exam to judge the basic practical knowledge of the students.

In order to practice as a doctor in India, you have to qualify for the NExT 2. After passing NExT 1 you can start your internship for 12 months.

After passing this exam you will get the license

NExT 2 also known as Prof IV part 2.

NExT Exam Pattern

Subject – Wise distribution of NExT – 1

NExT is an All India Concurrent Online Exam conducted for the medical students of India and Abroad. There is a schedule of NExT i.e., National Exit Test, as per reports the number of questions, time duration of exam, subjects are pre-defined in the NMC Bill.

In the NExT 1 exam, you will get in a total of 540 Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) with a time duration of 14.5 hours. For 3 days the schedule of the exam is of 3 hours in Pre-Lunch and 1.5 hours in Post-Lunch every day.

Days Schedule Subjects Time No. Of Items

1 Pre-Lunch Medical Allied 3 hrs 120

1 Post-Lunch Paediatrics 1.5 hrs 60

2 Pre-Lunch Surgery & Allied 3 hrs 120

2 Post-Lunch ENT 1.5 hrs 60

3 Pre-Lunch Obstetrics and Gunaecology 3 hrs 120

3 Post-Lunch Opthalmology 3hrs 120

Total – – 14.5 hrs 540

NExT 2

NExT 2 is a practical based examination that will be conducted by the respected University.

Who will conduct the Prof and NExT..?

S. No. Exam Conducted By

1 Prof 1 University

2 Prof 2 University

3 Prof 3 Part I University

4 Prof 3 Part II University

5 Prof 4 Part I (NExT 1) National Body

6 Prof 4 Part II (NExT 2) University

NExT exam from which batch…

NExT proposed by National Commission Medical Bill i.e., NMC for the final year MBBS students. It serves the purpose of licensure examination as well as removing NEET-PG examination. According to the Section 49 Act, the students studying in Medical Universities for acquiring the degree of MBBS will continue their studies on the same pattern as previous.

According to the amendment passed in 2019, the students who were enrolled in the batch of 2017 will give the first NExT exam in the year 2022 probably. The syllabus of NExT is the same as the Prof IV exam. We will update you about the exam as the further guidelines are provided by the National Medical Commission i.e., NMC.

P.S. – The medical students of India and Abroad enrolled in the batch of 2017, will appear for NExT 1 in the year 2022.

Structure of the NExT 1 and NExT 2

NExT Exam Syllabus

The new MCI curriculum is totally different from the NEET PG and MCI Screening Test. There are in total of 19 subjects in the clinical part which carry more marks than pre and para-clinical subjects.

Syllabus of in NExT 1

Medical Allied

Paediatrics

ENT

Obstetrics and Gynaecology

Orthopaedics and Anaesthesia

Dermatology and Psychiatry

Ophthalmology

Your entire future and career are based on the NExT exam only. As NExT removes the Post-Graduate examination and the Screening Test, everything is dependent on this examination only. Your PG seats are also based on this exam, so try your level best to crack the exam.

Why NExT is conducted..?

MBBS graduates who studied MBBS in India as well MBBS in Abroad will have to appear for the exam and this exam is valid for a minimum of 3 years.

The NExT exam will increase the standard of education in the country. It will also equalize the gateway for MBBS practice in India.

The students from India as well as those Abroad holding the license to practice as doctors in the country have to appear for the NExT exam.

The objective of this exam is to create more skillful medical practitioners in India.

Previously, the FMGE Screening Test taken for the medical students Abroad but for now the NExT is introduced to validate the MBBS degree from Abroad.

It is said by the authorities that exam will make the students more confident and they will assess themselves.

It will bring transparency and uniformity in the standards of licensed doctors. People can’t judge the quality of training an Indian medical student acquires is not the same as the Abroad medical student and vice-versa. The exam will show up the equivalence in the studies of doctors.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is National Exit Test..?

National Exit Test is the Licensing Medical Examination introduced by the National Medical Commission Bill 2019. According to the reports the law was in sighted to replace the Screening Test, NEET-PG, and Prof exam of the University. It is the common gateway to attain a practicing license in India.

Who are eligible for NExT..?

The eligible criteria for medical students to appear NExT exam as follows:

• The medical aspirants from abroad who wish to attain the license in order to practice as a doctor in India.

• Final year MBBS students opting for PG seats or pursuing internships in India are eligible for NexT.

Is Exit Exam compulsory for MBBS..?

Yes, it will be compulsory for MBBS students to appear and crack NExT i.e., National Exit Test. As NEXT ensures you about your PG seats as well as the license to practice in India.

How many attempts are allowed for NExT exam..?

There are unlimited numbers of attempts allowed for the NExT exam. If you are unable to qualify for the exam then you are not eligible for the internship as well as for the NExT 2 exam (Final Prof II exam).

Is NExT compulsory for post-graduation after MBBS..?

Yes, it is compulsory for post-graduation because NExT is a common exam. The marks you scored in NExT 1 is taken into consideration for providing PG seats.

Is NExT exam MCQs based..?

Yes, NExT 1 is Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) based objective type examination. The marks scored in NExT part 1 will decide your PG seats after you complete your internship.

What is the mode of National Exit Test..?

The mode of NExT 1 is Online and NExT 2 is a practical exam conducted by the University or College.

What is the exam pattern of NExT..?

There is a total of 540 Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) with a time duration of 14.5 hours. For 3 days the schedule of the exam is of 3 hours in Pre-Lunch and 1.5 hours in Post-Lunch every day.

What is the syllabus of NExT exam..?

NExT 1 is an objective type exam conducted Online. The syllabus of in NExT 1 is as follows as:

• Medical Allied

• Paediatrics

• ENT

• Obstetrics and Gynaecology

• Orthopaedics and Anaesthesia

• Dermatology and Psychiatry

• Ophthalmology

Is FMGE and NExT same..?

No, FMGE and NExT are two different exams. Although NExT replaces the FMGE Screening Test which was conducted for foreign medical graduates to qualify them for practicing license in India.

NExT is a common exam proposed by NMC which is replacing the FMGE Screening Test, NEET-PG, and Prof exam of the University. So, the NExT 1 score will decide your PG seats at the time of counseling. NExT 2 will help you to get your practicing license in India.

⚕️ EPITHELIAL TISSUE Histology

               EPITHELIAL TISSUE

There are 4 basic types of tissue:-

 1.connective tissue

2. epithelial tissue

3. muscle tissue

4.nervous tissue

  Epithelial tissue provides a covering (skin, the linings of the various passages inside the body

Epithelium is one of only 4 types of human body tissues. It is formed by cells within an extracellular matrix (ECM). 

The cells in this tissue are tightly packed within a thin ECM. Forming sheets that cover the internal and external body surfaces (surface epithelium) and secreting organs (glandular epithelium). 

Function of epithelial tissue:- secretion, protection, absorption, transportation and special sensory receptive.

 STRUCTURE:-

Epithelial cells are the building blocks of epithelial tissue. Epithelial cell membranes have three regions (domains).This feature is called membrane polarity. 

1.apical domain 

2. lateral domain 

3.basal domain

Apical poles :- project towards the external surface or the lumen of an organ which epithelia cover, so they’re also called free surfaces or free domains. Apical specializations are different types of fingerlike cytoplasmic extensions of the apical surface.

 

Apical specializations

Apical specializations are different types of fingerlike cytoplasmic extensions of the apical surface. They differ in their length, motility and function. There are three types of specializations;-

Microvilli - are microscopic protrusions of the cell membrane which mainly function to increase the apical surface area for absorption. Large quantities of microvilli are said to form a 'brush border', due to their appearance in histological preparation. The enterocytes of the small intestine has such specializations to facilitate absorption of food in the gut.

 

Stereocilia - a type of microvilli, but these are immotile and longer than microvilli. Their functions are absorption (epididymis and ductus deferens) and mechano-sensory reception (inner ear)

Cilia - fingerlike structures present on almost every epithelial cell. There are three types of cilia; motile, non-motile (primary) and nodal. Their respective functions are; removing foreign particles from the epithelial surface, transportation of signals from the ECM to the intracellular space, and fetal development.

Lateral specialization -Tight junctions are specialized regions of the lateral membrane that act as a seal between adjacent epithelial cells, preventing the movement of molecules between the cells. They are composed of a complex of transmembrane proteins that form a barrier that regulates the paracellular transport of ions and small molecules.Overall, the lateral specialization of epithelial cells allows them to perform diverse functions while maintaining their barrier function and structural integrity. This specialization is critical for the proper functioning of many organs and tissues in the body, such as the kidney, lung, and intestine.

Basal specialization -The basal membrane of epithelial cells is anchored to the underlying ECM by specialized structures called hemidesmosomes. Hemidesmosomes are composed of transmembrane proteins that connect the basal membrane to intracellular cytoskeletal components such as intermediate filaments.

basal membrane also contains a variety of specialized molecules that play important roles in cell signaling and differentiation. For example, integrins, a class of transmembrane receptors, are located on the basal membrane and allow cells to interact with the ECM and receive signals that regulate cell behavior.

TYPES OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE :-

The main types of epithelial tissue are:

FLOW CHART:-

Simple squamous epithelium: This type of tissue consists of a single layer of flattened cells. It is found in areas of the body where rapid diffusion or filtration is required, such as the alveoli of the lungs and the walls of capillaries.

Simple cuboidal epithelium: This type of tissue consists of a single layer of cube-shaped cells. It is found in areas of the body where secretion and absorption take place, such as in the kidney tubules and in the glands.

Simple columnar epithelium: This type of tissue consists of a single layer of tall, rectangular-shaped cells. It is found in areas of the body where absorption and secretion take place, such as in the lining of the small intestine.

Stratified squamous epithelium: This type of tissue consists of multiple layers of flattened cells. It is found in areas of the body that are subjected to mechanical and chemical stress, such as the skin, mouth, and esophagus.

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium: This type of tissue appears to be stratified due to the varying heights of its cells, but all the cells are in contact with the basement membrane. It is found in areas of the body that require protection from pathogens, such as the respiratory tract.

Transitional epithelium: This type of tissue is found in the lining of the bladder and ureters, and is able to stretch and expand as the bladder fills with urine.

In addition to these main types, there are also specialized types of epithelial tissue such as ciliated epithelium (which has hair-like structures called cilia that move mucus and debris) and glandular epithelium (which produces and secretes substances such as hormones, enzymes, and mucous).